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Bible Dictionary
Sin
a city of Egypt, mentioned only by Ezekiel. (ezekiel 30:15,16)The name is Hebrew, or at least Semitic, perhaps signifyingclay . It is identified in the Vulgate with Pelusium, "theclayey or muddy" town. Its antiquity may perhaps be inferredfrom the mention of "the wilderness of Sin" in the journeys ofthe Israelites. (exodus 16:1; numbers 33:11) Ezekiel speaks ofSin as "Sin the strongholds of Egypt." (ezekiel 30:15) Thisplace was held by Egypt from that time until the period of theRomans. Herodotus relates that Sennacherib advanced againstPelusium, and that near Pelusium Cambyses defeated Psammenitus.In like manner the decisive battle in which Ochus defeated thelast native king, Nectanebes, was fought near this city.The sin offering among the Jews was the sacrifice in which theideas of propitiation and of atonement for sin were mostdistinctly marked. The ceremonial of the sin offering isdescribed in Levi 4 and 6. The trespass offering is closelyconnected with the sin offering in Leviticus, but at the sametime clearly distinguished from it, being in some cases offeredwith it as a distinct part of the same sacrifice; as, forexample, in the cleansing of the leper. Levi 14. Thedistinction of ceremonial clearly indicates a difference in theidea of the two sacrifices. The nature of that difference isstill a subject of great controversy. We find that the sinofferings were--
Regular . (a) For the whole people, at the New Moon,Passover, Pentecost, Feast of Trumpets and Feast ofTabernacles, (numbers 28:15-29; 38:1) ... besides the solemnoffering of the two goats on the Great Day of Atonement. Levi16 (b) For the priests and Levites at their consecration,(exodus 29:10-14,36) besides the yearly sin offering (a,bullock) for the high priest on the Great Day of Atonement.(leviticus 16:2) Special . For any sin of "ignorance" and thelike recorded in Levi 4 and 5. It is seen that in the lawmost of the sins which are not purely ceremonial are calledsins of "ignorance," see (hebrews 9:7) and in Numb 15:30 Itis expressly said that while such sins call be atoned for byofferings, "the soul that doeth aught presumptuously " (heb.with a high hand) "shall be cut off from among his people.""His iniquity shall he upon him." Comp. (hebrews 10:20) Buthere are sufficient indications that the sins here called "ofignorance" are more strictly those of "negligence" or"frailty" repented of by the unpunished offender, as opposedto those of deliberate and unrepentant sin. It is clear thattwo classes of sacrifices, although distinct, touch closelyupon each other. It is also evident that the sin offering wasthe only regular and general recognition of sin in theabstract and accordingly was for more solemn and symbolicalin it s ceremonial; the trespass offering was confined tospecial cases, most of which related to the doing of somematerial damage, either to the holy things or to man.Josephus declares that the sin offering is presented by those"who fall into sin in ignorance." and the trespass offeringby "one who has sinned and is conscious of his sin. But hasno one to convict him thereof." Without attempting to decideso difficult and so controverted a question, we may draw thefollowing conclusions. First, that the sin offering was forthe more solemn and comprehensive of the two sacrifices.Secondly, that the sin offering looked more to the guilt ofthe sin done, irrespective of its consequences, while thetrespass offering looked to the evil consequences of sin,either against the service of God or against man, and to theduty of atonement, as far as atonement was possible. Thirdly,that in the sin offering especially we find symbolized theacknowledgment of sinfulness as inherent in man, and of theneed of expiation by sacrifice to renew the broken covenantbetween man and God. In considering this subject, it must heremembered that the sacrifices of the law had a temporal aswell as a spiritual significance and effect. They restoredsin offender to his place in the commonwealth of Israel; theywere therefore an atonement to the King of Israel for theinfringement of his low.
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